英検2級要約 予想問題

Many people now read customer reviews online before buying products. Shops and makers post items on the Internet, and buyers can see comments from strangers at any time. Because choices are increasing, people want quick information that helps them decide.

Reviews can be useful because they show real experiences. For example, a review may tell a buyer that a product is smaller than expected or that it breaks easily. Companies can also recognize common complaints and improve future products.

However, reviews also cause problems. Some comments are not honest, and it is hard to know which ones to trust. In addition, readers may misinterpret a review that was written for a different situation. Finally, many negative reviews can hurt a small business even when the product is effective for most customers.

Some cities are searching for better ways to heat many buildings in cold seasons. As energy prices rise, communities want systems that can provide stable heating while reducing pollution. This is why district heating is becoming a topic of interest.

Supporters say district heating can be efficient because one central plant can supply heat to many homes and offices. If a city uses waste heat from factories or renewable energy, it can lower fuel use. A shared system can also be easier to maintain than many separate heaters.

Critics point out several drawbacks. Building underground pipes is expensive and takes time, especially in busy areas. Repairs can disturb traffic and daily life. Also, if the central plant fails, many buildings may lose heat at once. For these reasons, some communities hesitate to adopt the system.

In many countries, governments give inventors patents so that new ideas can be protected. Drug companies often use patents to sell a new medicine without direct competition for a set period. This policy is meant to encourage research and innovation.

Patents can bring benefits. When a company expects profits, it can invest money in testing, safety checks, and development. New treatments may appear faster, and patients may gain access to better medicine. At the same time, some people worry that limited competition can keep prices high, especially for widely needed drugs.

Still, the system has weaknesses. Some firms try to extend patents by making only small changes, such as adjusting a dosage or redesigning packaging. This can delay competition and keep costs high for longer. Lawmakers sometimes propose stricter standards, but the industry has strong influence. As a result, reform can be difficult.

Scientists are studying animals in new ways as technology becomes smaller and cheaper. Some researchers attach tiny devices to animals to collect information about movement, body temperature, or environmental noise. These tools are often called biologgers.

Supporters argue that biologgers help scientists learn about animals that humans cannot easily follow. For example, devices can show where an animal travels, when it rests, and how it reacts to weather changes. Such data may help protect endangered species and manage natural areas more effectively.

However, there are concerns. The devices can stress animals, which may change their normal behavior and make the data less reliable. Some critics also worry that a device’s size and weight can make it harder for an animal to find food or escape enemies. In addition, placing devices on animals requires skilled workers and careful planning. For these reasons, researchers must balance usefulness with animal safety.

Social media has become a common way to learn about events. People can read posts, watch short videos, and share opinions within seconds. Because information travels quickly, many users depend on social platforms more than traditional news.

One advantage is speed. When something happens, witnesses can upload photos or messages immediately. This helps people recognize important situations, such as disasters or traffic problems. Social media can also spread useful advice widely and help communities respond faster.

On the other hand, there are serious problems. False information can spread quickly, and users may misinterpret posts without enough context. Short messages also make it difficult to convey complex ideas clearly, so important details may be missed. For these reasons, many experts advise users to check facts using multiple sources and to slow down before sharing information.

Group projects are widely used in schools because they are believed to prepare students for future teamwork. Teachers often assign tasks that require planning, discussion, and presentations. This approach is popular because many jobs also depend on cooperation.

Supporters say group work helps students learn communication skills. They can share ideas, recognize different strengths, and solve problems together. A project can also be completed faster when tasks are divided. Some students gain confidence by speaking in front of others with support from teammates.

However, group projects can be unfair. Sometimes one student does most of the work while others do little. This can cause conflict and stress, and it may reduce learning for everyone. Grades can also become a problem if a teacher cannot see each member’s effort. To make projects more effective, schools need clear roles, regular checks, and fair evaluation methods.

Remote work has expanded in recent years as online tools have improved. Many companies now allow employees to work from home for part of the week, and some offices have reduced their space. This change has led people to rethink traditional working styles.

Working remotely can have advantages. Employees may save time by avoiding commuting, and they can often concentrate better in a quiet space. Companies can also hire people from more locations and reduce office costs. For some workers, flexible schedules improve their daily life.

Still, remote work has disadvantages. Communication can become weaker because quick conversations are harder online. New staff may find it difficult to learn skills without direct support. In addition, some workers feel isolated and less motivated. There are also security concerns when handling company data at home. Because of these issues, many organizations choose a mixed style that combines home and office work.

Electric bicycles are becoming popular in many cities. As traffic grows and fuel prices rise, people look for transportation that is affordable and convenient. E-bikes also attract those who want to exercise but need help on hills or long distances.

E-bikes offer several benefits. Riders can travel farther without arriving exhausted, and they may replace short car trips, which can reduce pollution. They are also useful for older people or those with limited strength. In busy areas, e-bikes can be faster than cars because they avoid traffic jams.

However, problems have appeared. Some riders travel too fast on narrow paths, which increases the risk of accidents. Batteries can be expensive to replace, and poor-quality products may cause fires. Cities also need more parking and clearer rules to manage mixed traffic. To use e-bikes safely and effectively, communities must improve infrastructure and educate riders.

Reusable bottles and cups are spreading as people become more concerned about waste. Many shops offer discounts for bringing a personal cup, and schools encourage students to carry bottles. The goal is to reduce single-use plastic and protect the environment.

The benefits seem clear. Reusable items can lower the amount of trash, and people may save money over time. When individuals use the same bottle every day, they also become more aware of how much they consume. Companies can improve their image by supporting these efforts.

Yet there are drawbacks. Some people forget to wash their bottles, which can create hygiene problems. Carrying a bottle is inconvenient for those with limited space in bags. In addition, producing metal or thick plastic bottles uses energy, so the environmental effect depends on long-term use. For reusable items to be truly effective, users need proper habits and realistic expectations.

Translation apps are widely used by travelers because they help communication in unfamiliar places. As smartphones have improved, many people can translate signs, menus, and short conversations instantly. This technology is changing how people experience travel.

Supporters say translation apps make trips easier and safer. Travelers can recognize important information, such as warnings or directions, and they can ask basic questions without knowing the local language. This can reduce stress and encourage more people to visit new countries. It can also help small shops serve foreign customers.

However, the apps are not perfect. They may misinterpret phrases, especially when expressions are indirect or culturally specific. They also struggle with longer or complex messages, which can lead to confusion. For best results, travelers should use these tools carefully and confirm meaning when something seems unclear.

Online medical services are becoming more common. People can talk to doctors through video calls and receive advice without visiting a hospital. This trend has grown because many people are busy, and some live far from clinics. Older adults and parents with small children also appreciate being able to consult a doctor from home.

This system has clear advantages. Patients can save travel time and avoid crowded waiting rooms. Doctors can also support more people, especially for simple checks or follow-up visits. For example, a doctor can review symptoms, suggest basic treatment, or decide whether an in-person visit is necessary.

However, there are drawbacks. Some conditions are hard to judge without a physical exam, and patients may misunderstand a doctor’s advice on a screen. In addition, privacy is a concern when personal health information is shared online. To use online medicine effectively, many experts suggest clear rules, secure systems, and careful decisions about when face-to-face care is needed.

Many stores are trying to reduce waste by using reusable containers. Some cafés ask customers to bring their own cups, and some supermarkets offer refill stations for items like soap or cooking oil. This movement is growing because people are worried about plastic pollution and the large amount of trash produced every day.

Reusable systems can be helpful. They reduce packaging and encourage customers to buy only what they need. Companies may also save money in the long run by buying fewer disposable materials. When many people participate, the environmental impact can be meaningful.

However, problems also exist. Hygiene must be managed carefully, and not all customers remember to bring containers. Some refill stations require extra cleaning and staff time, which can raise costs. If the process becomes inconvenient, customers may stop using it. For these reasons, stores need simple rules and practical designs that make reuse easy and safe.

Electric scooters are appearing in many cities as a new way to move short distances. People use them to travel from train stations to offices or to visit nearby shops. This trend has increased because scooters are easy to rent through smartphone apps, and they can be faster than walking in busy areas.

Scooters can offer benefits. They may reduce car use for short trips and help ease traffic. They are also convenient for people who do not own bikes or do not want to carry heavy bags for long distances. In some cities, scooters help tourists explore without using taxis.

However, scooters also cause trouble. Some riders travel too fast on sidewalks, creating safety risks for pedestrians. Parking can become messy when scooters are left in narrow spaces. In addition, rules differ by city, so many people are unsure where scooters are allowed. To make scooters useful and safe, cities need clear regulations and better infrastructure.

More students use learning apps that include game-like features. They earn points, collect badges, or compete with friends while studying vocabulary or reading. Such apps are popular because many students feel studying is stressful, and they want a more enjoyable way to practice every day.

These apps can be effective. Small goals and rewards can motivate students to continue, even when they are tired. Some apps also provide quick feedback, so learners can notice mistakes and improve faster. For example, a student may practice a short set of questions daily and track progress over time.

However, there are concerns. Some learners focus on points instead of real understanding, and they may rush through questions to win. In addition, competition can discourage students who feel they cannot keep up. If an app is designed poorly, it may not teach deeper skills. Educators often say gamification is helpful, but it should support learning goals rather than replace careful study.

Many young people consider taking a “gap year” before entering university or starting full-time work. During this period, they may travel, volunteer, or work part-time to explore interests. This idea is becoming more common because students feel pressure to choose a future path quickly and want time to think.

A gap year can have advantages. Students may learn independence, improve communication skills, and gain real-world experience. For example, working in a different environment can help a person recognize strengths and weaknesses. Some also return to study with stronger motivation and clearer goals.

However, a gap year can create difficulties. It may cost money, and some families cannot support a year without regular education. Students may also feel anxious about falling behind their classmates. In addition, if the year lacks a clear plan, it may not provide meaningful growth. Many advisors suggest setting realistic goals and discussing risks carefully before choosing this option.

Urban gardens are increasing in cities where green space is limited. Residents grow vegetables and flowers on rooftops, in small parks, or in shared community plots. This movement is popular because people want healthier food, closer connections with neighbors, and more nature in daily life.

Urban gardens can bring benefits. They provide local food and teach children where vegetables come from. Gardens can also improve the city environment by cooling hot areas and supporting insects and birds. In community gardens, people may meet new neighbors and build stronger relationships.

However, there are challenges. Land in cities is expensive, and gardens may be removed when buildings are developed. Gardens also require time, water, and regular care, which can be hard for busy residents. Conflicts may occur over rules, shared work, or the use of harvests. To keep gardens successful, organizers need clear management and long-term support from local communities.

Many people share personal information online through social media, shopping sites, and apps. This makes services more convenient, such as personalized recommendations and faster payments. At the same time, more people worry about privacy because companies can collect large amounts of data without users fully noticing.

Stronger privacy rules can help users. If companies must explain how data is used, people can make better choices. Clear limits on data sharing may also reduce the risk of scams and identity theft. Some countries require websites to ask permission before tracking users, which helps increase awareness.

However, strict rules can have disadvantages. Companies argue that new regulations increase costs and slow innovation. Small businesses may struggle to follow complex requirements, and some free services may become paid because advertising becomes harder. Users may also feel annoyed by frequent permission requests. Many experts suggest balanced policies that protect basic rights while keeping rules simple and realistic for different types of organizations.

Some schools are trying to use more renewable energy, such as solar panels on rooftops. This is happening because schools want to reduce electricity costs and teach students about environmental issues. In some areas, governments also provide support for green projects, making it easier for schools to start.

Renewable energy can be positive for schools. Solar panels can lower bills over time, and students can learn about energy by seeing real data at school. Some classes use the system to study science topics, such as weather and electricity. Schools may also improve their image by showing environmental responsibility.

However, renewable systems have limits. Solar energy depends on sunlight, so schools still need stable power from the grid. Installation can be expensive, and panels require maintenance. Some schools also worry about roof safety and repairs. Because of these issues, renewable energy projects need careful planning, reliable budgets, and clear goals beyond simple popularity.

Virtual tours have become common in museums. People can view exhibits online, zoom in on artwork, and read explanations without traveling. This trend grew because many museums wanted to reach wider audiences, including those who live far away or cannot visit due to time or physical limitations.

Virtual tours have advantages. They provide access to culture and education at any time, and they can support school lessons. Museums can also attract international visitors and encourage them to visit in person later. For some people, virtual tours reduce stress because they can explore at their own pace.

However, virtual experiences cannot fully replace real visits. Some exhibits are designed for physical space, and screen viewing may reduce emotional impact. Museums also need money and technical skills to create high-quality digital content. If online content is poor, viewers may lose interest. Many museums therefore try to balance both styles, using virtual tours as a supplement while improving the real on-site experience.

Many companies use machine translation to communicate across languages. Employees translate emails, manuals, and meeting notes quickly. This is becoming common because international business is expanding, and companies want faster communication without hiring large translation teams.

Machine translation can be helpful. It saves time and allows people to understand basic meaning immediately. For example, a worker can read a foreign message quickly and decide what action is needed. It also reduces costs for routine documents and helps smaller companies enter global markets.

However, there are risks. Translations may be inaccurate, especially for technical terms or polite expressions. If a message includes legal or safety information, a small mistake can cause serious problems. Employees may also rely on translations without checking context, leading to misunderstandings. Many experts recommend using machine translation for rough understanding while asking human translators to review important documents and final versions.